A Tale of Two Rectifiers: A Deep Dive into the 6X5GT and 6Z5P Vacuum Tubes

Published by IWISTAO

In the world of vintage electronics and modern audiophile equipment, the power supply is the unsung hero. It is the foundation upon which the entire performance of an amplifier or radio is built. At the heart of many of these power supplies from the mid-20th century lies a crucial component: the full-wave vacuum tube rectifier. Among the most common and respected of these are the American 6X5GT and its international counterpart, the 6Z5P. This article provides a detailed exploration of these two tubes, their history, technical characteristics, and their roles in shaping the sound we cherish today.

The Archetype: A Deep Dive into the 6X5GT

The 6X5GT is a cornerstone of vacuum tube technology, a full-wave rectifier that powered countless devices from the 1930s onward. Its reliability and well-understood characteristics made it a favorite among engineers for decades (vacuumtubes.io).

History and Development

First introduced around 1936, the 6X5 family was designed for use in the power supplies of AC and automobile radio receivers (r-type.org, icp-electronique.com). It came in several variations, including an early metal-envelope version (6X5), a larger "shoulder" glass tube (6X5G), and the most common tubular glass version, the 6X5GT. All share identical electrical characteristics (vacuumtubes.io). It was also given the American military designation VT-126B, underscoring its widespread adoption and reliability (r-type.org).

Design and Principles of Operation

The 6X5GT is a dual-diode tube with a common cathode, built on an octal (IO) base (radiomuseum.org). Its design is optimized for full-wave rectification in conjunction with a center-tapped power transformer. In this configuration, the two internal plates (anodes) are connected to the opposing ends of the transformer's high-voltage secondary winding. As the AC voltage cycles, the plates conduct alternately, allowing a continuous flow of electrons to the single shared cathode. This process efficiently converts the incoming AC into a pulsating DC voltage (vacuumtubes.io).

A key design feature is its indirectly heated cathode. Unlike directly heated rectifiers, the heater filament is electrically isolated from the cathode. This separation significantly reduces the injection of AC hum into the DC power supply, a critical factor in audio applications. Furthermore, this design introduces a warm-up delay before the tube begins to conduct, a "soft-start" feature that prevents sudden voltage surges, thereby extending the life of other components like filter capacitors (vacuumtubes.io).

Technical Specifications

The 6X5GT operates under a well-defined set of maximum ratings that designers had to respect. According to datasheet information, these are:

• Heater Voltage (Vh): 6.3 Volts
• Heater Current (Ah): 0.6 Amps
• Max AC Plate Voltage (per plate): 325 Volts
• Max DC Output Current (mAa): 70 mA

(Source: r-type.org)

The tube exhibits a characteristic voltage drop of approximately 20 volts at its rated current. This internal drop is a significant factor in power supply design, as it lowers the final B+ voltage compared to modern solid-state diodes. This drop, however, is also a contributor to the tube's sonic signature (vacuumtubes.io).

Applications and Usage

The 6X5GT's modest current capacity made it ideal for low-to-medium power applications. It was a staple in:

• Radio Receivers: It was ubiquitous in AC/DC tabletop and smaller console radios of the 1940s and 1950s (vacuumtubes.io).
• Audio Amplifiers: Many lower-powered audio amplifiers, including phonographs, small public address systems, and vintage guitar amplifiers, utilized the 6X5GT in their power supplies (vacuumtubes.io, ebay.com).
• Test Equipment: Its reliability and consistent performance made it a common choice for power supply rectification in laboratory and test instruments, such as the Eico 950B capacitor bridge (audiokarma.org, vacuumtubes.io).

Sonic and Performance Characteristics

While a rectifier doesn't process the audio signal directly, its behavior under load profoundly impacts the sound of an amplifier. The 6X5GT's relatively high impedance and slow recovery time contribute to a phenomenon known as "power supply sag." When a musician plays a loud note, the high current demand causes a momentary drop in the B+ voltage. This compression and subtle distortion are often described as a "warm" or "breathing" quality, highly desirable in many guitar amplifiers (vacuumtubes.io). This is a distinct characteristic that solid-state rectifiers, with their near-zero impedance and instant response, cannot replicate.

The Counterpart: Understanding the 6Z5P

The 6Z5P is often encountered by hobbyists and restorers as a direct replacement for the 6X5GT. While less documented in Western literature, it is functionally its twin, originating from Chinese and Soviet-era production.

Origin and Identification

The 6Z5P is a Chinese designation, with the "P" indicating a common glass tube construction (toutiao.com). Its Russian equivalent is often cited as the 6Ц5С (transliterated as 6Ts5S). Datasheets confirm the 6Z5P is an indirectly heated, dual-anode, full-wave rectifier designed for low-power applications, mirroring the description of the 6X5GT perfectly (tube-data.com).

It is crucial to distinguish the rectifier 6Z5P (6Ж5П / 6Ts5S) from the similarly named Russian pentode 6Ж5Л (6Zh5L). The latter is a high-frequency amplifier tube with completely different characteristics and is not a rectifier (r-type.org). This common point of confusion can lead to incorrect substitutions.

Equivalency and Characteristics

Multiple sources confirm that the 6Z5P is a direct, pin-compatible substitute for the 6X5GT (tubeampdoctor.com, oldsound.it). This implies that its key operating parameters are identical:

• Heater Voltage: 6.3 Volts
• Heater Current: 0.6 Amps
• Max Plate Voltage: ~325 Volts
• Max DC Output Current: ~70 mA

Chinese sources note that the 6Z5P has parameters very similar to the Chinese 6Z4 rectifier, which itself is often cross-referenced with the 6X5GT (though the 6Z4 has a different 7-pin base) (toutiao.com, zhihuanlan.zhihu.com). As a direct equivalent, the 6Z5P shares the same octal pinout, applications, and sonic characteristics as the 6X5GT, including the beneficial "soft-start" warm-up delay.

Head-to-Head: 6X5GT vs. 6Z5P

When choosing between these two tubes, the decision often comes down to origin, availability, and cost rather than electrical performance.

• Performance: For all practical purposes, the electrical and sonic performance is identical. A 6Z5P can be dropped into a socket designed for a 6X5GT without any circuit modification.
• Origin and Collectibility: The 6X5GT has a rich history with renowned manufacturers like RCA, Philips, and Zenith. New Old Stock (NOS) tubes from these brands are highly sought after by collectors and audio purists for their historical significance and reputed build quality (vacuumtubes.io, tubesocketvintagego.com). The 6Z5P, being of Chinese or Russian origin, is generally more common and less expensive, making it an excellent utility replacement.
• Pinout: Both tubes use the same International Octal (IO) 8-pin base with the following connections:
  • Pin 2: Heater
  • Pin 3: Anode (Plate 2)
  • Pin 5: Anode (Plate 1)
  • Pin 7: Heater
  • Pin 8: Cathode
  (Source: r-type.org)

Practical Design and Substitution Considerations

Circuit Design

A typical power supply using a 6X5GT or 6Z5P involves a power transformer with a high-voltage secondary winding (e.g., 600V center-tapped, providing 300V to each plate). The center tap is connected to ground, and the cathode (pin 8) provides the raw, pulsating DC output. This output must then be filtered by a network of capacitors and chokes (inductors) to smooth out the ripple and provide a stable B+ voltage for the rest of the circuit (vacuumtubes.io, diyaudio.com).

Due to the **70mA current limitation**, these tubes are not suitable for high-power amplifiers on their own. However, for applications requiring more current, designers have successfully used two 6X5GT tubes in parallel. In one such design for a stereo 6L6GA amplifier, a user proposed connecting the plates of both tubes together to effectively double the current handling capacity to around 140mA, a viable strategy for medium-power designs (diyaudio.com).

Equivalent and Substitute Tubes

If you need to replace a 6X5GT or 6Z5P, you have several options:

• Direct, Pin-Compatible Equivalents: 6X5, 6X5G, 6X5GT, 6Z5P, 6Ц5С, EZ35, CV574, VT-126B. These can be swapped directly (oldsound.it, tubeampdoctor.com).
• Near Equivalents (require modification):
  • 5Y3GT: A popular rectifier with a higher current rating (125mA), but it requires a **5V heater supply** and has a different pinout.
  • 6Z4 / CV572: Electrically similar but uses a different 7-pin miniature base, requiring a socket change and rewiring.
  • EZ80 / 6V4: A European equivalent with similar specs but on a 9-pin miniature base.
  (Source: vacuumtubes.io)
• Solid-State Replacements: Plug-in modules using silicon diodes are available. They are efficient and reliable but have drawbacks. They provide instant-on power, which can stress other vintage components, and their lower voltage drop will increase the B+ voltage, potentially altering circuit operating points. Most significantly, they eliminate the "sag" characteristic, changing the sonic signature of the amplifier, which is why many purists avoid them in audio applications (vacuumtubes.io).

Conclusion

The 6X5GT and its international twin, the 6Z5P, represent a pivotal piece of electronics history. They are more than just obsolete components; they are robust, reliable rectifiers that defined the power supplies of a generation of radios and amplifiers. The 6X5GT stands as the classic American original, valued by collectors and restorers for its pedigree. The 6Z5P serves as its functionally identical and more accessible counterpart, ensuring that vintage equipment can be kept running for years to come.

For any hobbyist, technician, or audiophile working with vintage gear, understanding these tubes is essential. Their unique characteristics—the gentle warm-up, the inherent voltage drop, and the resulting power supply sag—are not flaws, but key ingredients in the recipe for the classic "tube sound." Whether you are restoring a 1940s radio to its original glory or building a new guitar amplifier with a vintage voice, both the 6X5GT and 6Z5P remain excellent and relevant choices.

References

• vacuumtubes.io: Comprehensive technical guide to the 6X5GT vacuum tube rectifier.
• r-type.org: The 6X5GT tube data sheet information and pin connections.
• radiomuseum.org: Tube 6X5GT or Röhre 6X5GT ID3260.
• tube-data.com: Datasheet for the 6Z5P dual-anode rectifier.
• tubeampdoctor.com: Product listing showing 6Z5P as an equivalent to 6X5GT.
• oldsound.it: Listing of 6X5GT equivalents including 6Ц5С and EZ35.
• zhuanlan.zhihu.com: Article on Chinese tube substitutions, mentioning 6Z5P and 6Z4.
• diyaudio.com: Forum discussion on using parallel 6X5GT tubes in an amplifier design.
• r-type.org: Data for the 6Ж5Л pentode, illustrating the difference from the 6Z5P rectifier.
• audiokarma.org: Forum discussion on the use of 6X5GT in test equipment.
• icp-electronique.com: 6X5-GT datasheet noting its use in automobile and A-C radio receivers.
• tubesocketvintagego.com: Information on Zenith 6x5GT tubes for vintage radio systems.
• radiomuseum.org: Tube 6Z5P or Röhre 6Z5P ID46953.

Grounding Design for EL34 Single-Ended Tube Amplifiers

Grounding Design for EL34 Single-Ended Tube Amplifiers

Published by IWISTAO

In real-world DIY and small-scale production experience, nearly 80% of first power-up failures in EL34 single-ended (SE) tube amplifiers are caused by incorrect grounding implementation, not by circuit topology, tube quality, or transformer selection.

This article presents an engineering-grade grounding guide for EL34 SE amplifiers, including a star-ground overview (with labeled return paths), an “incorrect vs correct” comparison, and topology-aware grounding notes for CRC vs CLC power supplies. There is a circuit diagram for EL34 SE tube amplifier below.

 

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1. Why Grounding Is Critical in EL34 SE Amplifiers

Unlike push-pull amplifiers, a single-ended EL34 output stage provides no cancellation of power-supply ripple. Any disturbance appearing on the ground reference is directly amplified as part of the audio signal.

• Cathode voltage: approximately 30–40 V
• Quiescent current: approximately 60–80 mA

Because the output stage draws continuous DC current, ground conductors carry large ripple currents. Even milliohms of shared ground impedance can generate audible voltage modulation.

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2. The Three Ground Domains Inside an EL34 SE Amplifier

A common conceptual error is treating “ground” as a single universal node. In practice, an EL34 SE amplifier contains three distinct ground domains:

• Power ground: EL34 cathode network, output stage returns, screen returns
• Rectifier / reservoir ground: rectifier return, first reservoir capacitor loop
• Signal ground: RCA input return, driver stage cathodes, volume pot return, feedback reference

Correct grounding separates these domains and connects them at one—and only one—defined reference point.

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3. EL34 SE Grounding Overview Diagram (Star Ground with Labeled Return Paths)

The star ground point should be located at (or immediately adjacent to) the negative terminal of the main B+ filter capacitor. All return paths converge here while remaining electrically separated along their routes.

The goal is simple: keep the high-current output-stage return and the rectifier charging pulse return from sharing impedance with the low-level signal reference. In an EL34 SE amplifier, any shared ground impedance becomes signal.

There is an example for the grounding layout of EL34 SE tube amplifier below.

 

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4. Key Equations (Reference)

Even basic DC checks become more reliable once the ground reference is stable. For a cathode-biased EL34 stage:

I_k = V_k / R_k

And a practical plate dissipation estimate:

P ≈ (B⁺ − V_k) × I_k

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5. Incorrect vs Correct Grounding (What Changes, What You Hear)

Below is a simplified comparison that explains why “everything connected everywhere” creates hum and instability, while star grounding produces predictable results.

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6. CRC vs CLC Power Supply Grounding (Topology-Aware Strategy)

The filter topology changes where the “dirty” current flows, and therefore changes what should be treated as the best star reference. This matters more in single-ended amplifiers because ripple is not cancelled.

6.1 CRC Grounding (Capacitor–Resistor–Capacitor)

• Rectifier return → C1 (−) (dirtiest charging pulses)
• Power ground + signal ground → C2 (−) (cleaner reference)
• Define the star point at C2 (−) and keep C1 loop compact

6.2 CLC Grounding (Capacitor–Choke–Capacitor)

• Rectifier return + choke return → C1 (−) (charging pulses mostly confined here)
• Power ground + signal ground → C2 (−) (much quieter reference)
• Define the star point at C2 (−); CLC is quieter and more tolerant, but still needs star grounding

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7. Why Grounding Mistakes Cause “80% of First Failures”

• Grounding errors occur even when the audio circuit is correct.
• They manifest immediately at first power-up (hum, instability, strange measurements).
• They often mimic tube, transformer, or “design” problems and mislead troubleshooting.

In an EL34 SE amplifier, grounding is not a wiring detail—it is the backbone of noise floor, stability, and measurement repeatability.

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Conclusion

In an EL34 single-ended amplifier, ground is not a passive reference. It is an active part of the signal path.

“Nearly 80% of first power-up failures in EL34 SE amplifiers are caused by grounding mistakes, not circuit design.”

 

References and Further Reading

The grounding principles, power-supply behavior, and failure mechanisms discussed in this article are based on well-established tube-amplifier engineering practice. The following references provide authoritative background and further technical depth.

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1. Grounding Theory for Tube and Audio Amplifiers

Aiken Amps – “Grounding”
A classic and widely cited explanation of star grounding, ground loops, and why grounding errors cause hum in tube amplifiers.
https://aikenamps.com/index.php/grounding

Geofex – “Star Grounding” (R.G. Keen)
Clear illustrations and practical grounding layouts, especially relevant to single-ended amplifiers.
https://www.geofex.com/article_folders/stargnd/stargnd.htm

EL34 World – Chassis and Grounding Diagrams
Real-world tube amplifier grounding examples used by many DIY builders.
https://el34world.com/charts/ChassisGrounds2.png

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2. Why Single-Ended Amplifiers Are More Sensitive to Grounding

Morgan Jones – Valve Amplifiers, 4th Edition
Chapter on power supplies and grounding explains why single-ended stages do not cancel ripple and ground noise.
ISBN: 978-0080966380
(Reference book; no official free URL)

TubeCAD Journal – John Broskie
Extensive technical articles on single-ended amplifiers, grounding, and power-supply noise behavior.
https://www.tubecad.com/

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3. EL34 Operating Conditions and Cathode Bias Behavior

EL34 Datasheet (Mullard / Philips)
Defines EL34 operating voltages, cathode current, and dissipation limits used in SE designs.
https://frank.pocnet.net/sheets/084/e/EL34.pdf

R-Type.org – Valve Amplifier Articles
Includes practical explanations of cathode biasing, bypass capacitors, and their effects.
https://www.r-type.org/articles/

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4. Electrolytic Capacitor Polarity and Failure Mechanisms

Nichicon – Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor Technical Guide
Explains polarity, reverse-voltage behavior, leakage current, and failure modes.
https://www.nichicon.co.jp/english/products/pdfs/aluminum.pdf

Cornell Dubilier – Application Guide for Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors
Authoritative reference on capacitor polarity, ripple current, and safe operating limits.
https://www.cde.com/resources/catalogs/AEappGUIDE.pdf

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5. CRC vs CLC Power Supply Behavior in Tube Amplifiers

TubeCAD Journal – Power Supply Design Articles
Detailed explanations of CRC vs CLC filtering, ripple current paths, and grounding implications.
https://www.tubecad.com/articles_2000.htm

AudioXpress – Tube Amplifier Power Supply Projects
Practical examples showing how rectifier charging currents differ in CRC and CLC supplies.
https://audioxpress.com/

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6. Practical Measurement and Debugging

TubeLab – Voltage Measurement in Tube Amplifiers
Illustrates correct voltage measurement points and return paths.
https://www.tubelab.com/articles/

Rod Elliott (ESP) – Ground Loops and Noise
Clear explanation of ground loops and why they dominate low-frequency hum.
https://sound-au.com/earthing.htm

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Attribution Note (Recommended for Your Blog)

You may include the following sentence at the end of the article:

This article is based on established tube-amplifier engineering practice and references widely accepted sources such as Aiken Amps, TubeCAD Journal, EL34 datasheets, and classic works including Morgan Jones’ Valve Amplifiers.